Panthay Rebellion

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Yunan Wars. Also know as the 'Panthay Rebellion' - 1856 CE (1272 AH) - 1873 CE (1289 AH)

Map of Hui Uprising between 1810 and 1855

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1 The lead up to the Uprising
- 1.1 Massacres of the Hui
2 Creation of the Sultanate
3 Ma Rulong
4 The End of the Sultanate
5 References

[edit] The lead up to the Uprising

The Muslim Hui were elevated to powerful positions as a reward for their trustworthiness during the Yuan Dynasties unification of Yunnan province with the rest of China. By the 18th century the Hui represented around a quarter of the population of Yunnan and dominated the mining, trading and agricultural trades (the mainstay of Yunnanese economy).

As part of Qing policy, Han Chinese were encouraged by incentives to migrate to the outer regions. As a result the population of Yunnan Province grew from 4 million in 1775 to 10 million in 1850.

The new immigrants occupied non-Han lands illegally, appropriated mines by force and both submitted to and helped enforce the economic and political strictures of the Qing government.

This mass immigration and oppression of the Hui resulted in large scale confrontations, which led to a series of massacres of the Muslim Hui populace.

[edit] Massacres of the Hui

In the spring of 1800 CE (1214 AH), a quarrel broke out between migrants from Hunan and the Hui from Yunnan

Main article: Xiyi Mine Incident

In May 1821 (Rajab 1236) at the Baiyang mine, northwest of Dali arguments broke out between the Hui and Han from outside Yunnan. This resulted in running street battles. A week later around 100 people were dead, around 90% of them Hui ^[1]

Main article: Baiyang Mine Incident

In 1839 CE (1254 AH) a local military official organised a Han militia, that with the implicit consent of ranking civil officials killed 1,700 Hui in the border town of Mianning.[1]

Main article: Mianning Massacre

On 2^nd October 1845 (30^th Ramadhan 1261) local Qing officials with the covert assistance of bands from the Han secret socities, barred the gates of the city of Baoshan in southwest yunnan and carried out a three day cleansing (xicheng) of the Hui populace. More than 8,000 men, women, young and old were slaughtered.[2]

Main article: Baoshan Massacre

The final and last straw was the implicit support of the Deputy Governer Shuxing acting in Hengchun's absense, allowing the provincial judge Qingsheng to issue a legal decleration which "authorised on 19^th May 1856 (14^th Ramadhan 1272) the slaying of Muslims without being held accountable (gesha wulun) - a directive that some say was rewritten when posted to read 'kill them one and all'"

One chinese official described the subsequent events as follows "Then every Muslim family within the provincial capital Kunming , regardless if they where men, or women , young or old, were all mercilessly killed" The massacre lasted three days and three nights. The cities five mosques were looted and torched. Within 72 hours as many as four thousand Muslims had been slaughtered.

Main article: Massacre of Kunming

On his return the governer Hengchun sent a communication to Beijing that "if the extermination of the Hui is the only goal of the han Chinese, not only will the muslims never yield, but it will precipitate the Han Suffering.

The subsequent uprising not only resulted in thousands of Han deaths but the sacking and subsequent control of 56 cities in the province by the Muslims including the provincial capital Kunming, and the creation of an Islamic state or Sultanate.

[edit] Creation of the Sultanate

Under the leadership of Du Wenxiu the muslims captured the city of Dali and beseiged the capital of Kunming. Du Wenxiu declared the area as an islamic state under his sultanate, and renamed himself Sultan Sulaiman. The Sultanate was known as Pingnan Guo (Kingdom of the conquered south].

Main article: Dali Sultanate

[edit] Ma Rulong

A large part of southern and central Yunnan was under the control of Ma Rulong and in 1862 CE (1278 AH) he surrendered to the Qing, and aided them in their attacks on the Sultanate. This led to the Chinese commissoner Dolonaga breaking the blockade at Chuxiong in August 1863 (Safar 1280). The muslims fled to neighbouring Shaanxi. Many of the muslims that fled regrouped and joinged Ma Hualong's uprising in Gansu

[edit] The End of the Sultanate

Du Wenxiu's at its height in 1868 CE (1284 AH) included around 360,000 men and over 53 Cities. But by 1872 CE (1288 AH) The Qing had ammassed an army against Du. They attacked Dali and massacred the Muslims. The Sultanate collapsed and Du was captured and executed.

The Yunna War resulted in the death of over 50% of the population.