Al Andalus
From Mw
Al-Andalus (Arabic: الأندلس) is the Arabic name given to those parts of the Iberian Peninsula governed by Muslims from 711 CE (92 AH) to 1492 CE (897 AH)
| The Spanish Umayyads | |
|---|---|
| Abd al-Rahman | 756 CE (138 AH) |
| Hisham I | 788 CE (171 AH) |
| al-Hakam | 796 CE (179 AH) |
| Abd al-Rahman II | 822 CE (206 AH) |
| Muhammad I | 852 CE (237 AH) |
| al-Mundhir | 886 CE (272 AH) |
| 'Abdallah b. Muhammad I | 888 CE (274 AH) |
| 'Abd al-Rahman III | 912 CE (299 AH) |
| al-Hakam II | 961 CE (349 AH) |
| Hisham II | 976 CE (365 AH) |
| Muhammad II | 1009 CE (399 AH) |
| Sulayman b. al-Hakam | 1009 CE (399 AH) |
| Hisham II | 1010 CE (400 AH) |
| Sulayman b. al-Hakam | 1013 CE (403 AH) |
| Ali ibn Hammud | 1016 CE (406 AH) |
| Abd al-Rahman IV | 1018 CE (408 AH) |
| al-Qasim | 1021 CE (411 AH) |
| Yahya b Ali | 1023 CE (413 AH) |
| al-Qasim | 1023 CE (413 AH) |
| Abd al-Rahman V | 1023 CE (413 AH) |
| Muhammad III | 1024 CE (414 AH) |
| Yahya b Ali | 1025 CE (415 AH) |
| Hisham III | 1027 CE (417 AH) |
[edit] Al-Andauls Pre Islam
[edit] Greek Prophecy
Legend has it that in order to find the suiter for a princess ,The king of cadiz set two tasks , bringing fresh water to the island, and creating a talisman to ward of any invasion from the Berbers. One of the suiters built a statue of a Berber that pointed towards Morocco as if to command no invasion. [1]
Following on from this legend is another legend whereby the Greek kings constructed an urn, within which was placed a talisman to ward of any invasion. Every new King was to place an additional padlock on the room in the castle at Toledo. King Roderic young and bashful removed the locks and took the parchment out from the urn. It depicted moorish warriors on steeds. The parchment read 'Whenever this asylumn is violated, and the spell containged in this urn broken, the people painted on this urn shall invade Andalus, overturn the throne of its Kings and subdue the whole country'. They said that when Roderic read this , he repented of what he had done and was impressed with a strong belief of his impending doom.[1]
[edit] The Conquest
There where three seperate invasions into Andalus over a short period of time, that resulted in the Muslim Conquest of what is now Spain. The governer of Tangier and Ceuta was a christian called Illyan. He sent his daughter to be educated in Toledo, which was the visigoth capital under King Roderick. The King took a likening to her, and when he was rebuffed proceeded to rape her. This drove Illyan to travel to Qayrawan and approach Musa ibn Nusayr the governer of Muslims in North Africa. Illyan explained that Andalus was extensive land, full of treasures and handsome slaves [2]
- Musa suggested that Illyan test the water and conduct a raid, which he did returning back with much treasure.
- Musa then sent a man called Tarif, with a small force of Berbers who met with similar success.
- Musa on hearing of the successful foray, sent for his freedman Tariq ibn Ziyad, and gave him the command of 12,000 horses. And on 711 CE (92 AH) Tariq set sail for Al-Andalus.
Tariq crossed the straits to what is now known as Gibralter (Jabal Tariq - the Mountain of Tariq). When he landed he set fire to all the boats and addressed his army. Meanwhile King Roderick had mustered an army of 100,000 calvery and marched to the Bank of the Guadalete.
Tariq again addressed his men, before the battle.
- Tariq killed the king, or wounded him
- the Christian army split up
- the cities where handed over to the Jews as custodians
- Musa landed and they met at Cordoba
- Musa went on to take the rest of spain, and made incursions into the South of France
- Musa report back to Al-Walid and Sulaima
[edit] Arrival of Abd al-Rahman
- war against the Abbasids
- war against Charmaine
- cordoba mosque
- sons hishim
[edit] Al-Mansur and the break up of Al-Andalus
Al mansur reign was swiftly followed by the breakup of Andalus into kingdoms, where the muslim kings where fighting each other, paying the christians to fight each other and giving tribute to El Cid and Alfonso
[edit] Campaigns of Al Mansur
he conducted 52 campaigns and in the 50th retook Santiago.
[edit] The Murabitun
[edit] The Muwahhidun
[edit] The Mudejares - pre Spanish Inquisition
- San Benito distinctive garment and a badge that was to be worn by all Muslims and Jews
- 1248 CE (645 AH) Pope Innocent IV ordered the king of Aragon 'to permit no Moors save s Slaves'
- 1250 CE (647 AH) It was decreed that no one could buy or sell anything from a Muslim unless he had first obtained a license to do so
- Council of Vienna ordered the princes of Spain to suppress the worship of the Muslims and to give them the alternative of either accepting Christianity or else 'to endure a punishment which would render them a terrible example'[3]
- 1329 CE (729 AH) the Council of Tarragona ordered all the princess to follow the resolution by the Council of Vienna within two months under pain of excommunication and interdict.
- 1388 CE (789 AH) it was decreed that all Muslims should kneel down when the Trinitarian Christians 'sacremants' were being carried through the streets. They were forbidden to work on all Christian feast days and on Sundays, and were obliged to work on all other days (including Friday)
- 1412 CE (814 AH) It was decreed that Jews and Moors should wear distinguished badges, be deprived of the right to hold office or posses titles, and should not change their domicile.In addition thy were excluded from various trades such as those of grocer, carpenters, tailors and butchers; could not bear arms or hire Christians to work for them; were not allowed to eat, drink bathe or even talk with Christians, and were forbidden to wear any bu the coarse clothes [4]
- The quarters of the Muslims and the Jews in the towns and cities were also isolated. Walled compounds were established, Juderias' for the jews, and Morerias' for the Muslims. They were surrounded by a large wall and only had one entrance. Any Muslim who had not settled within the Morerias within eight days had his property forfeited.
[edit] The Spanish Inquisition
[edit] Architecture of Andalus
- Mezquita
- Al Hambra
- Medinat al Zahra
 Mezquita -Cordoba |
 Lost city of Zahra |
[edit] Scientifc learning of Andalus
[edit] The Cities of Andalus
[edit] See Also
[edit] Further Reading
[edit] References
- ↑ P.de Gayangos, Muhammadan Dynasties in Spain, I p 257-263
- ↑ P.de Gayangos, Muhammadan Dynasties in Spain I, Appendix xlv
- ↑ H.C.Lea, The Moriscos of Spain p.9
- ↑ H.Kamen, The spanish Inquistion, p18
Islam in Andalus - Ahmad Thomson taha publishers ltd ISBN 1 897940 52 1
